Stirling type pulse tube cryocoolers are very attractive for cooling of diverse application because it has it has several inherent advantages such as no moving part in the cold end, low. The gm cryocoolers or the gm type pulse tube coolers are the main technologies for this temperature region and capacity. The thermodynamic characteristics of a stirlingpulse tube. This paper compares microminiature stirling coolers for higher operation temperature applications with a miniature cooler a 2nd fpa base on four cooler subsystems. Multistage stirlingtype pulse tube cryocoolers driven at high frequency 3050hz have been an important research focus in recent years.
Unfortunately there are still some problems significantly deteriorating the performance of these cryocoolers, one of. Those wishing to extend their study of the subject beyond the welltrodden, ideal gasquasisteadystate rationalisations will require this book. Temperature for pulse tube and stirling cryocoolers d. Figure 1 illustrates several configurations including the hybrid one to be studied here. Pdf a high efficiency hybrid stirlingpulse tube cryocooler. Stirlingtype pulse tube cryocoolers sptcs working at liquidhelium temperatures are appealing in space applications because of their promising advantages such as high reliability, compactness, etc.
Accelerator technology department, cern, 1211 geneva 23, switzerland a singlestage coaxial pulse tube cryocooler has been developed for cooling small. A pulse tube cryocooler ptc is a mechanical vibration free device which operates on the principle of stirling cycle. Zhou 1 chinese academy of sciences key laboratory of cryogenics, technical institute. Their system uses a small stirling cycle cryocooler. Typical linear stirling cooler and stirling pulsetube cooler for hot application table 2. An active displacer allows the mass flow and the pressure variation at.
The operation of sptcs involve complex thermodynamics which are not always intuitively understood. In order to pack more cooling power in a small volume, higher operating frequencies are commonly used for stirlingtype pulse tube cryocoolers. This is to certify that the project entitled, cfd analysis of stirling cryocoolers being submitted by mr. Stirling and pulsetube cryocoolers raises the threshold from which firstprinciples design of regenerative cryocoolers may start.
Space cryocoolers, history, applications, long life, stirling coolers, pulse tube coolers, jt systems, brayton coolers, system design. Sunpower pulse tube technology, utilize sunpowers manufacturing experience with stirling cryocoolers, incorporate smachs linear drivercontrol electronics, and capitalize on smachs business and marketing contacts to promote the new pulse tube cryocooler system. Two locations exist on the cold head where vibration is. Stirling pulse tube cryocooler using an active displacer sciencedirect. Introduction the raytheon stirling pulse tube twostage rsp2 cryocooler has been discussed extensively in the past 16. Whenever a closedloop flow path exists in a stirling or pulsetube cryocooler, there is a potential for a dc gas flow where the positive and negative flows over each half cycle do not quite cancel completely. Experiments were performed on a homemade singlestage high power stirlingtype pulse tube cryocooler sptc working at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Besides the high efficiency and long life, stirling pulse tube. A cryocooler is a standalone cooler, usually of tabletop size. Gravity orientation on the thermal performance of stirling type pulse tube cryocoolers, cryogenics, vol.
Losses in the stirlingtype pulse tube from ray radebaugh in the real system, entropy is generated in the regenerator and the pulse tube, reducing the amount of acoustic work that is available for enthalpy. A rapid growth of research and development on pulse tube cryocoolers operating at a high frequency over 100hz in the last 3 years has occurred. Typical capacities for commercial pulse tube refrigerators range from 30100 w at 7780k, 422 w at 20k and 0. Investigation of a thermally coupled twostage stirling. Pdf design and test of the stirlingtype pulse tube.
Together, they included nine longlife cryocoolers in five separate earth. There are many advantages of pulse tube cryocoolers over stirling cryocoolers associated with the absence of moving parts in the cold head. In general, gm cryocoolers are less expensive than pt cryocoolers of similar cooling power. Losses in the stirling type pulse tube from ray radebaugh in the real system, entropy is generated in the regenerator and the pulse tube, reducing. Study on a singlestage 120hz pulse tube cryocooler wu y. The characteristics of the cryocoolers in applications are presented and compared with 4 k gm cryocoolers. Ladner nscience corporation golden, co 80401 abstract single stage pulse tube and stirling cryocooler data that were reported in the open literature during the past decade were analyzed to find mathematical scaling laws for estimating the required. This paper also discusses some of these problems and how recent. Stirling type pulse tube cryocoolers sptc operating at frequencies of 30 hz60 hz have the advantages of compact structure, light weight and long life compared with the above cryocoolers.
Design of a twostage highcapacity stirling cryocooler. It is used to cool some particular application to cryogenic temperatures. Paper open access development of stirlingtype pulse. Stirling cryocooler features high efficiency, fast cooldown, a wide range of refrigeration temperature, and kilowatt cooling capacity. Temperature inhomogeneity in high capacity pulse tube cryocoolers. Johnson jet propulsion laboratory, california institute of technology, pasadena, california usa 18 february 2004 abstract the effect of angular orientation on the offstate conduction of pulse tube cryocoolers has been. A high operating frequency is proposed for stirlingtype ptc to greatly. The development of pulse tube cryocoolers doesnt completely replace the need for stirling or gm cryocoolers and there are many applications for which stirling and gm coolers are a better choice. Stirling type pulse tube cryocoolers are very attractive for cooling of diverse application because it has it has several inherent advantages such as no moving part in the cold end, low manufacturing cost and long operation life.
Miniaturization of pulse tube cryocoolers is required for some particular applications where size and mass for devices are limited. A threestage stirling pulse tube cryocooler approaching 4 k. Inx corporation of colorado showed a prototype of an oxygen separator feeding oxygen to a liquefier at a medical show in 1999. Design on a two tage stirlingpulse tubes 35 cryocoolers 19, edited by s. A twostage stirlingtype pulse tube cryocooler with thermallycoupled stages was designed and characterized two years ago, and some results have been published. To achieve lower temperatures is a subject of recent research and development activities in the field of pulse tube cryocoolers. A high efficiency hybrid stirling pulse tube cryocooler. To reach a temperature of 20 k, multistaging is necessary in stirlingtype pulse tube cryocoolers. Effect of gravity orientation on the thermal performance of stirlingtype pulse tube cryocoolers r. Dc gas flows in stirling and pulse tube cryocoolers. Development of the pulse tube refrigerator as an efficient.
A numerical model based on sage software was established. Development of orientationfree high power stirlingtype pulse. Stirling pulse tube cryocoolers sptcs are small low temperature refrigerators that can provide cooling for electronic devices such as infrared detectors and. Among them, stirling cryocooler has long been used, which has a high efficiency and compact structure. Investigation on a singlestage coaxial pulse tube cryocooler.
A moving magnet type linear motor of dual piston configuration is designed, and this compressor could be operated. Advantages of highfrequency pulsetube technology and its. Overview of microminiature stirling cryocoolers for high. Prast in philips company reported their conventional twostage stirling cryocooler, which attained. Compared to the gm cryocooler, the stirling cryocoolers can achieve higher efficiency and more compact structure. Pulse tube cryocoolers for cooling infrared sensors. Lowtemperature stirling pulse tube cryocoolers sptc have become a hot topic recently14. Pdf this article presented a hybrid cryocooler which combines the room temperature displacers and the pulse tube in one system. Lessons learned during the build and test of these two cryocoolers and their application to the continued evolution of the rsp2 cryocooler product line are presented. Accelerator technology department, cern, 1211 geneva 23, switzerland a singlestage coaxial pulse tube cryocooler has been developed for. Stirling type pulse tube cryocoolers are very attractive for cooling of diverse.
Sep 29, 2014 the development of pulse tube cryocoolers doesnt completely replace the need for stirling or gm cryocoolers and there are many applications for which stirling and gm coolers are a better choice. Introduction the raytheon stirling pulse tube twostage rsp2 cryocooler has been discussed extensively in. Raytheon stirling pulsetube cryocooler maturation programs. Both gm and pt cryocoolers are mechanical refrigerators that do have some level of vibration.
Together, they included nine longlife cryocoolers in five separate earthscience instruments. This paper introduces the cryomech 4 k pulse tube cryocoolers and their performances. Pulse tube cryocoolers two general types stirling type high frequency 60 hz high efficiency. Investigation on precooling effects of 4 k stirlingtype.
Pdf stirling type pulse tube cryocoolers are very attractive for cooling of diverse application because it has it has several inherent advantages. A substantial fraction of the volume of a traditional pulsetube cryocooler is occupied by a reservoir, which greatly reduces the specific power of the cryocooler. Starting in december 1999, three large nasa earth observing system platforms terra, aqua and aura were launched. Technical challenges to achieving longlife cryocoolers operating needs of typical space detectors space cryocooler technology and reliability challenges space stirling cryocooler developments the oxford cooler and its spinoffs recent longlife space stirling cooler developments pulse tube cryocooler developments. Gm cryocoolers and gm type pulse tube cryocoolers ptc operating at frequencies of 1 hz2 hz are the typical 4 k cryocoolers. Operating characteristics of a singlestage stirlingtype. Please click here for more information on the three main differences between. Small scale cryocoolers play important role in many applications, such as cooling infrared sensors for much improved resolutions or cooling superconducting electronics for advanced digital filters. Technology research center, sumitomo heavy industries, ltd.
Pulse tube cryocoolers for cooling infrared sensors nist trc. Theoretical and experimental investigation of a 4 k single. Shi pulse tube cryocoolers provide a stable lowtemperature solution for sensitive measurement and analytical applications. Investigation on a singlestage coaxial pulse tube cryocooler for small particle detectors at cern haug f. Unfortunately there are still some problems significantly deteriorating the performance of these cryocoolers, one of which is temperature inhomogeneity. Effect of gravity orientation on the thermal performance of stirling type pulse tube cryocoolers r. Contact a janis sales engineer for help in selecting the system that is right for your application and budget. Prashant singh has been carried out under my supervision in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of bachelors of technology b.
Paper open access development of stirlingtype pulse tube. Cryocoolers are used in space related applications like space surveillance, thermal imaging cameras, xray astronomy and satellite cooling system etc. High power pulse tube cryocoolers are expected to be a very promising candidate for high temperature superconductors hts cooling. Effect of gravity orientation on the thermal performance of. Mod01 lec30 cryocoolers ideal stirling cycle iv youtube. A 10k gascoupled twostage stirling type pulse tube cryocooler.
Stirling cryocoolers in the stirling cryocooler the second moving component, the displacer, is required to separate the heating and cooling effects by causing motion of the mathematical analysis of pulse tube cryocoolers technology global journal of researches in engineering volume xii issue vv vi ve rsion i 22 d f. Differences between pulse tube and giffordmcmahon cryocoolers. Also nowadays pulse tube cryocoolers are beneficial than stirling cryocoolers as they have no moving parts in cold region and high reliability and stability of temperature at cold end. In these regenerative cryocoolers heating occurs as the pressure is increasing, and cooling occurs as the pressure is decreasing. The pulse tube refrigerator ptr or pulse tube cryocooler is a developing technology that emerged largely in the early 1980s with a series of other innovations in the broader field of thermoacoustics. Effect of gravity orientation on the thermal performance. One is the technique requirement, which comes from the extended application5,6. Pulse tube cryocoolers cryogenic society of america. The results revealed that each charge pressure corresponds to an optimum frequency with respect to compressor and regenerator efficiency. An inline stirling pulse tube cryocooler with an active displacer has been built and tested. Pdf design and test of the stirlingtype pulse tube cryocooler.
The first two pulse tube cryocoolers launched into space were on this nasa. Losses in the stirlingtype pulse tube from ray radebaugh in the real system, entropy is generated in the regenerator and the pulse tube, reducing. Other companies have expressed interest in this market, and both mixedgas jt and pulse tube cryocoolers have been discussed as oxygen liquefiers. The first is the lowtemperature raytheon stirling pulse tube 2stage ltrsp2 hybrid cryocooler, which is capable of providing simultaneous cooling at 55 k and 10 k nominal first and second. A onedimensional finite volume discretization method is proposed and is implemented as a computer program for the modeling of a family of stirling type pulse tube cryocoolers ptc. Atrey, department of mechanical engineering, iit bombay. Gravity orientation on the thermal performance of stirlingtype pulse tube cryocoolers, cryogenics, vol. M d atrey, department of mechanical engineering, iit bombay. A high efficiency hybrid stirlingpulse tube cryocooler. Stirling type pulse tube cryocoolers sptcs working at liquidhelium temperatures are appealing in space applications because of their promising advantages such as high reliability, compactness, etc. Stirling cryocooler and gmrefrigerators, this cryocooler can be made without moving parts in the low. Design on a two tage stirling pulse tubes 35 cryocoolers 19, edited by s. Experiments were performed on a homemade singlestage high power stirling type pulse tube cryocooler sptc working at liquid nitrogen temperatures.
Numerical analysis of stirling type pulse tube cryocoolers. Pulse tube cryocoolers are now being developed for many space applications, but the tactical applications have had a particular set of historical requirements that have made it difficult to use pulse tube cryocoolers in place of the stirling cryocoolers. Open and closed cycle cryocoolers, ln2 and lhe cryocoolers, 3k300k cryocoolers, miniaturized cryocoolers, stirling and giffordmcmahon cryocoolers, crycooler integration and interfaces, singlestage and twostage cryocoolers, pulse tube cryocoolers, high frequency smallsize stirling type, spacequalified cryocoolers. Mathematical analysis of pulse tube cryocoolers technology. Investigation of a thermally coupled twostage stirling type. Thales cryogenics has produced large series of highfrequency pulsetube cryocoolers for noninfrared applications since 2005. Please click here for more information on the three main differences between pulse tube and giffordmcmahon cryocoolers.
Overview of microminiature stirling cryocoolers for high temperature applications x. We collected efficiency data for stirling pulse tube hybrid cryocoolers, stirling cryocoolers and stirling type pulse tube cryocoolers between 19922014, as shown in figure 1. Design on a two tage stirlingpulse tubes hybrid cryocooler. A 10k gascoupled twostage stirling type pulse tube cryocooler x. The set of unsteady, onedimensional, viscous compressible flow equations are written in a general form such that all. Shi pulse tube cryocoolers provide a stable lowtemperature solution. The other important reason is that, it is of a scientific interest for basic research 7. From the plot, it is apparent that the efficiency of hybrid cryocoolers is higher than those of others. Design of high frequency pulse tube cryocooler for. Stirling pulse tube cryocooler using an active displacer. Worldwide efforts have been put in to develop sptcs operating at liquidhelium temperatures especially with helium4 as the working fluid. The use of a displacer in the stirling and gm cryocoolers moves most of the gas to the hot end during the compression process and to the cold.
Stirling pulse tube cryocoolers sptcs are small low temperature refrigerators that can provide cooling for electronic devices such as infrared detectors and superconducting devices. A 10k gascoupled twostage stirling type pulse tube. Microminiature stirling cryocoolers for high temperature applications have bee ndeveloped recently to meet market demands. Theoretical and experimental investigations on stirling. An interphasing stirling pulsetube cryocooler without reservoirs.
139 1070 753 41 11 1000 1229 244 368 34 1239 809 921 823 119 853 903 323 1318 1146 743 808 467 296 691 756 228 865 372